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''Auriscalpium vulgare'', commonly known as the pinecone mushroom, the cone tooth, or the ear-pick fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Auriscalpiaceae of the order Russulales. It was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus, who included it as a member of the tooth fungi genus ''Hydnum'', but British mycologist Samuel Frederick Gray recognized its uniqueness and in 1821 transferred it to the genus ''Auriscalpium'' that he created to contain it. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe, Central America, North America, and temperate Asia. Although common, its small size and nondescript colors lead it to be easily overlooked in the pine woods where it grows. ''A. vulgare'' is not generally considered edible because of its tough texture, but some historical literature says it used to be consumed in France and Italy. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow on conifer litter or on conifer cones that may be partially or completely buried in soil. The dark brown cap of the small, spoon-shaped mushroom is covered with fine brown hairs, and reaches a diameter of up to . On the underside of the cap are a crowded array of tiny tooth-shaped protrusions ("teeth") up to 3 mm long; they are initially whitish to purplish-pink before turning brown in age. The dark brown and hairy stem, up to long and 2 mm thick, attaches to one edge of the cap. The mushroom produces a white spore print out of roughly spherical spores. High levels of humidity are essential for optimum fruit body development, and growth is inhibited by excesses of either light or darkness. Fruit bodies change their geotropic response three times during their development, which helps ensure that the teeth ultimately point downward for optimum spore release. The pure culture, cell division and the ultrastructure of ''A. vulgare''s hyphae and mycelia have been studied and described in search of potentially useful characters for phylogenetic analysis. When grown in culture, the fungus can be induced to produce fruit bodies under suitable conditions. ==History, taxonomy and phylogeny== The species was first described in the scientific literature by Carl Linnaeus under the name ''Hydnum auriscalpium'' in his 1753 ''Species Plantarum''. Linnaeus placed three other tooth fungi in the genus ''Hydnum'': ''H. imbricatum'', ''H. repandum'', and ''H. tomentosum''.〔 In 1821 Samuel Frederick Gray considered ''H. auriscalpium'' to be sufficiently distinct from the other ''Hydnum'' species to warrant the creation of a new genus, ''Auriscalpium'', to contain it. In the process, its name was changed to ''Auriscalpium vulgare''.〔 Otto Kuntze〔 and Howard James Banker〔 later independently sought to restore Linnaeus' species name, but the resulting combination (''Auriscalpium auriscalpium'') is a tautonym and disallowed under the rules for botanical nomenclature (ICBN 2005 rule 23.4),〔 and these combinations are therefore no longer validly published. Other names given to the fungus and now considered synonyms include ''Hydnum fechtneri'', named by Josef Velenovský in 1922,〔 and later combinations based on this name.〔 ''A. vulgare'' is the type species of the widely distributed genus of eight species that it belongs to.〔 |2=''Dentipratulum bialoviesense'' }} |2=Various ''Lentinellus'' spp. }} }} |caption=Cladogram showing the phylogeny of ''A. vulgare'' and other Russulales species based on rDNA sequences.〔 }} Despite vast differences in appearance and morphology, ''A. vulgare'' is related to such varied taxa as the gilled fungi of ''Lentinus'', the poroid genus ''Albatrellus'', the coral-like ''Clavicorona'', and fellow tooth fungus ''Hericium''.〔 The relationship of all of these taxa—members of the Auriscalpiaceae family of the order Russulales—has been demonstrated through molecular phylogenetics.〔〔 ''Auriscalpium vulgare'' is commonly known as the "pinecone mushroom",〔 the "cone tooth",〔 "pine cone tooth", or the "ear-pick fungus".〔 Gray called it the "common earpick-stool";〔 it was also referred to as the "fir-cone Hydnum", when it was still considered to be a member of that genus.〔 The specific epithet ''vulgare'' means "common".〔 The generic name ''Auriscalpium'' is Latin for "ear pick" and refers to a small, scoop-shaped instrument used to remove foreign matter from the ear.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Auriscalpium vulgare」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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